How is the vibrating feeder used in coal plants?

A vibrating feeder is a critical piece of equipment in coal handling plants, responsible for uniformly feeding bulk materials like coal into processing or conveying systems. In a coal handling plant, vibrating feeders are mainly used for the following functions.

Application of vibrating feeder in coal handling plant

vibrating feeder

1. Feeding Coal from Storage

Vibrating feeders are placed under coal hoppers, bunkers, or silos to extract coal stored in large quantities. These feeders ensure a smooth, controlled, and continuous flow of coal to the conveyors or crushers for further processing.

2. Pre-Screening Coal

Some vibrating feeders come with screening capabilities, allowing them to separate large-sized coal particles from smaller ones or to remove unwanted materials like rocks and debris before the coal reaches the crushers or conveyors.

3. Preventing Blockages

Vibrating feeders help prevent blockages or bridging in the hoppers or bunkers by ensuring an even distribution of coal across the feeder’s surface, avoiding irregular material flow. This steady flow reduces the chance of equipment overloading and improves the efficiency of downstream processes.

4. Controlling Material Flow Rate

In coal handling plants, it’s crucial to control the rate of coal feeding to match the processing system’s capacity. Vibrating feeders are often equipped with adjustable speed settings, allowing operators to regulate the flow of coal according to the plant’s requirements.

5. Maintaining a Uniform Coal Stream

The vibrating action of the feeder ensures that coal particles are uniformly distributed across the width of the conveyor belt or crusher inlet. This uniform flow minimizes the risk of material segregation and improves the efficiency of coal handling.

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What are the differences between relaxation screen and vibrating screen?

The relaxation screen and vibrating screen are both used in various industries to process materials, but they operate based on different principles and serve different functions.

Difference between relaxation screen and vibrating screen

1. Operation Principle:

Relaxation Screen:

A relaxation screen typically refers to a type of screen where the material being processed is allowed to settle or “relax” as it moves across the screen surface. This allows the particles to find natural gaps and fall through the mesh more easily.

It usually relies on gravity and controlled movement of the material, allowing fine particles to pass through openings without significant agitation.

This method is more suitable for delicate or fragile materials that might be damaged by vigorous motion.

Vibrating Screen:

A vibrating screen works by using a motor to create vibrations that agitate the material being screened. The entire screen surface vibrates, causing the material to move in a specific direction.

The constant vibration helps in separating particles of different sizes more efficiently. Vibrating screens are usually more aggressive and are designed to process large volumes of material in shorter periods.

They come in various types, such as circular, linear, or elliptical motion, depending on the vibrating mechanism used.

2. Intensity of Motion:

Relaxation Screen:

Has gentle movement, which allows materials to settle and find natural spaces through which they can pass. There is little to no agitation, relying more on the material’s flow across the screen.

Suitable for fine or delicate materials that need less forceful handling.

Vibrating Screen:

The screen surface experiences vigorous, repeated vibrations, which force the material to move across the screen in a controlled manner. The motion helps separate fine and coarse materials quickly.

Ideal for heavy-duty applications, such as mining, construction, and bulk material processing.

3. Application and Materials Processed:

Relaxation Screen:

Often used for fine screening and materials that are sensitive to damage or breakage. Examples include processing fragile particles, powders, or granular substances.

Can be used in food processing, chemical industries, or any application where gentle handling is essential.

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Glass Tempering Furnace: Enhancing Glass Strength and Safety

Glass tempering furnaces are essential equipment in the glass processing industry, designed to increase the strength and safety of glass by heat treatment. These furnaces heat glass to a high temperature and then rapidly cool it, resulting in a strong, thermally stressed, and safer glass product. The process not only enhances the load-bearing capacity of the glass but also makes it less likely to cause injury when broken due to its granular fracture pattern.

Technical Specifications and Features

Glass tempering furnaces

Modern glass tempering furnaces come with a range of features that ensure high-quality output and energy efficiency. Some of the key specifications and features include:

Glass Thickness Range: Most furnaces can handle a wide range of glass thicknesses, typically from 3.8mm to 12mm.

Maximum Glass Size: The furnaces are designed to accommodate large sheets of glass, with sizes varying from model to model, but commonly up to 2440×4200 mm.

Heating Systems: State-of-the-art heating systems with precise control mechanisms ensure uniform heating of the glass.

Forced Convection: Some models use forced convection systems for efficient heating of all types of glass, including Low-E coated glass.

Energy Efficiency: Innovative technologies like pass-through quench and heat recovery systems significantly reduce power consumption.

Control Systems: Advanced control systems with recipe saving and automatic cooling nozzle adjustment ensure consistent quality and ease of operation.

Maintenance Features: Easy access for maintenance and features like emergency cooling systems are included in some models.

Applications

Tempered glass finds applications in various industries due to its strength and safety characteristics. It is widely used in:

Construction: For glass railings, folding glass systems, doors, shower cabins, partitions, and furniture glasses.

Automotive: For rear and side glasses.

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What are the reasons for the explosion of glass tempering furnace?

Explosions in glass tempering furnaces can occur due to a variety of reasons, many of which stem from operational issues, material defects, or improper maintenance. Understanding these causes can help prevent such incidents.

Causes of explosion of glass tempering furnace

glass tempering furnaces

1. Glass Defects

Nickel Sulfide Inclusions (NiS): Nickel sulfide inclusions are microscopic impurities in glass that can cause it to shatter spontaneously. These inclusions can expand during the tempering process and lead to delayed failure, sometimes causing the glass to explode after being tempered.

Internal Stresses: If the glass is not properly annealed before entering the tempering process, internal stresses can build up. These stresses can cause the glass to explode under heat or when exposed to rapid cooling.

Surface Defects: Scratches, chips, or cracks on the glass surface can act as stress concentrators during the tempering process, leading to failure and explosion.

2. Incorrect Furnace Settings

Uneven Heating: If the furnace does not heat the glass evenly, it can cause thermal stress. Uneven heating or cooling (quenching) of the glass can lead to differences in expansion and contraction, resulting in glass breakage.

Overheating: Glass that is overheated in the furnace may develop severe internal stresses. When exposed to quenching (rapid cooling), it may fail and shatter explosively.

Incorrect Temperature Gradient: A proper temperature gradient between the heating and cooling sections of the furnace is crucial. If the temperature changes too rapidly or is unevenly distributed, it can cause thermal shock to the glass.

3. Improper Quenching (Cooling) Process

Insufficient or Excessive Cooling: The quenching process, where the glass is cooled rapidly, must be well-regulated. If the cooling is too rapid or uneven, it can lead to a high stress differential between the inner and outer layers of the glass, causing it to shatter.

Improper Airflow: The airflow during quenching should be evenly distributed. Uneven airflow can lead to localized cooling, creating stress points that may cause the glass to break or explode.

glass tempering furnaces

4. Furnace Design Issues

Poor Maintenance: A poorly maintained furnace can lead to mechanical malfunctions, uneven heating, or improper quenching, all of which can cause explosions.

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Installation specification and standard of glass tempering furnace for building curtain wall

Installing a glass tempering furnace for building curtain walls requires detailed planning, appropriate machinery, and adherence to safety standards. Below is a general guide for the specifications and requirements necessary for a proper installation:

1. Site Requirements:

Space: Ensure that the installation area is large enough to accommodate the glass tempering furnace and its related equipment. The space should allow easy movement for loading/unloading glass, as well as routine maintenance activities.

Flooring: The floor should be leveled and strong enough to bear the load of the furnace and the processed glass. Reinforced concrete floors are commonly used to support the furnace weight.

Ventilation: The area must be well-ventilated to disperse heat efficiently. Proper ventilation also helps in maintaining an optimal working environment and preventing overheating of equipment.

Power Supply: Ensure that the site has a suitable electrical power supply to meet the furnace’s requirements. The furnace typically requires high voltage (e.g., 380-480V) and high current capacity.

Water Supply: Some furnaces have water cooling systems, so an adequate water supply must be in place. Make sure there are connections for water inlets and outlets.

glass tempering furnace

2. Foundation Preparation:

Foundation Design: The foundation of the furnace must be designed based on the manufacturer’s specifications. It should include the necessary channels for power, gas, and water supply lines.

Leveling: The foundation should be perfectly leveled to prevent any misalignment of the furnace. Uneven surfaces could cause issues in the glass processing operation and damage the equipment.

Vibration Dampening: Furnaces must be isolated from vibrations, which could affect the tempering process. Special vibration dampening pads or mounts are often used beneath the furnace.

3. Equipment Installation:

Furnace Positioning: Position the furnace so that there is easy access to both the loading and unloading zones. The furnace should be set up in an area that allows for smooth transportation of glass in and out.

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Slewing Bearings: Engineering Marvels for Rotary Motion Applications

Slewing bearings are critical components in machinery that requires rotary motion, such as construction equipment, wind turbines, and industrial machinery. They are designed to support heavy loads and enable precise rotation, making them indispensable in various industries. This technical article delves into the engineering aspects, market trends, and applications of slewing bearings.

Engineering Aspects of Slewing Bearings

Slewing bearings

Slewing bearings are engineered to handle significant loads while maintaining rotational accuracy. They consist of an inner ring and an outer ring, with one usually incorporating a gear. The rings are designed with attachment holes for optimized power transmission and simple, quick connections between adjacent machine components. The bearing raceways, in conjunction with rolling elements and cages or spacers, are designed to accommodate loads acting singly or in combination, and in any direction.

Structural Optimization

The structural parameters of slewing bearings, such as ball diameter and the number of balls, are optimized for maximum carrying capacity and service life. Numerical methods based on static bearing capacity and fatigue life are used to optimize these parameters. Finite element models and local finite element models of the slewing bearing are established to analyze the carrying capacity of different structural parameters. The Hertz contact theory and experiments are used to compare the theoretically calculated load distribution, contact stress, contact area, and deformation.

Materials and Manufacturing

High-quality steel and advanced heat treatment processes are used in the manufacturing of slewing bearings. This provides a superior balance between hardness and toughness, enabling longer service life. The manufacturing processes are globally certified to ISO 14001 for environmental management, and OHSAS 18001 for health and safety management standards.

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How to select slewing bearing

A slewing bearing is a specialized type of bearing that allows for rotational or slewing movement, typically used in heavy machinery. It consists of an inner ring and an outer ring, with rolling elements (like balls or rollers) between them. Unlike traditional bearings, slewing bearings are designed to handle both axial (up-and-down), radial (side-to-side), and moment (tilting) loads simultaneously.

Selecting a slewing bearing requires careful consideration of the application, load requirements, and environmental factors. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you choose the right slewing bearing:

Slewing Bearing Selection

slewing bearing

1. Load Type and Magnitude

Radial Load: The force perpendicular to the axis of rotation.

Axial Load: The force parallel to the axis of rotation.

Moment Load: The force that causes the bearing to tilt or rotate about an axis.

Tip: Identify the magnitude of these loads and choose a bearing with appropriate load capacities. Most manufacturers provide load capacity charts for slewing bearings.

2. Operating Conditions

Speed: Consider the rotational speed and any speed variations.

Temperature: Check if the slewing bearing can withstand extreme temperature conditions.

Environment: Dust, moisture, and corrosive environments may require bearings with special seals or coatings.

3. Precision Requirements

Applications such as robotics or medical equipment require high-precision slewing bearings. For heavy machinery, moderate precision is usually sufficient.

4. Mounting and Installation

Ensure the bearing fits within the space available in the equipment.

Some bearings have internal or external gear teeth, while others are toothless—choose the right one depending on the drive system.

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Slewing Bearing Installation Guide

A slewing bearing (or slewing ring) is a type of large bearing designed to accommodate slow-turning or oscillating loads. These bearings are commonly used in applications where the bearing needs to support heavy loads while allowing for rotational or partial rotational movement. They are characterized by their ability to manage radial, axial, and tilting moments simultaneously.Installing a slewing bearing requires precision and careful handling to ensure its proper functioning.

Slewing Bearing Installation Guide

slewing bearing

1. Preparation:

Check the parts: Ensure all components, including the slewing bearing, bolts, and mounting structure, are clean and free of any damage or contamination.

Inspect the bearing: Look for signs of damage such as cracks, corrosion, or dirt. Clean the bearing if necessary.

Verify the flatness of the mounting surface: The mounting structure for the bearing should be flat, rigid, and free of distortions. Measure the flatness of the structure and compare it with the manufacturer’s specifications.

Prepare lifting tools: Due to the size and weight of slewing bearings, appropriate lifting equipment (e.g., a crane) should be prepared.

2. Mounting the Bearing:

Position the bearing: Use a crane or hoisting device to position the bearing on the mounting surface. Ensure that the bearing is handled carefully to avoid any impact or stress.

Align the bolt holes: Rotate the bearing carefully so that the bolt holes in the bearing match the bolt holes on the mounting structure.

Tighten bolts in stages: Insert all the bolts but do not tighten them fully at first. Tighten them in three stages to ensure uniform pressure:

First stage: Tighten bolts to 30-50% of the final torque value.

Second stage: Tighten bolts to 70-80% of the final torque.

Third stage: Tighten bolts to 100% of the specified torque value.

Cross-pattern tightening: Tighten the bolts in a criss-cross or star pattern to ensure even distribution of forces on the bearing.

slewing bearing

3. Lubrication:

Initial greasing: Most slewing bearings require lubrication before operation. Use the grease recommended by the manufacturer and fill the grease points (nipples) until fresh grease starts coming out from the seals.

Verify the seals: Check that the seals are intact and properly placed to prevent contamination.

4. Checking Clearance and Rotation:

Measure the backlash: Check the rotational clearance (backlash) of the bearing to ensure it meets the manufacturer’s specifications. Rotate the bearing to ensure smooth and consistent movement.

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How does the flat glass tempering furnace work?

A flat glass tempering furnace is a specialized piece of equipment designed for the tempering of flat glass sheets, commonly used in architectural applications, automotive glass, and furniture. Here are the key aspects of a flat glass tempering furnace:

Key Features:

flat glass tempering furnace

Heating Zone:

Even Heating: Uses infrared heaters, convection heaters, or a combination to achieve uniform temperature across the glass surface.

Temperature Range: Typically heats glass to around 600°F to 1,200°F (315°C to 650°C).

Soaking Zone:

Controlled Environment: Maintains the glass at the target temperature for a specific time to ensure thorough heating.

Cooling Zone:

Rapid Quenching: Utilizes high-velocity air jets to cool the glass quickly, creating surface compression and enhancing strength.

Automation and Control:

Advanced Control Systems: Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and touch screens for monitoring and adjusting temperature and timing.

Data Logging: Many furnaces include features for recording and analyzing the tempering process.

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Glass Tempering Furnace Price and Factors Affecting the Price

The price of a glass tempering furnace can vary widely based on several factors, including the type, size, and specifications of the furnace, as well as the brand and additional features it may have. Here’s a breakdown of the factors affecting the price:

Factors Affecting the Price of a Glass Tempering Furnace:

glass tempering furnace

Type of Furnace:

Horizontal Tempering Furnace: More commonly used and typically more expensive due to its advanced technology and versatility in handling different glass sizes and thicknesses.

Vertical Tempering Furnace: Usually cheaper but less versatile and often used for smaller-scale operations or specific types of glass.

Size and Capacity:

The size and capacity of the furnace directly impact its cost. Larger furnaces capable of tempering bigger glass sheets or higher volumes will generally be more expensive.

Heating Method:

Furnaces with more advanced heating methods, like forced convection heating or radiation heating, may cost more due to increased energy efficiency and faster heating times.

Brand and Manufacturer:

Reputable brands with a track record of quality, reliability, and customer support often come with a premium price. However, they may offer better warranties and after-sales service.

Customization and Features:

Custom features such as automated loading/unloading systems, advanced control systems, specialized cooling systems, or energy-efficient components can increase the cost.

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